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Species_and_authority Common_name Movement GBI_movement GBI_destination GBI_migration_period European_destination European_migration_period Breeding_behaviour Non-breeding_behaviour Breeding_bonds Breeding_dispersion Breeding_territory Range_of_breeding_territory Territory_density Breeding_roost Non-breeding_roost Number_recorded_10kmsqs_1994 %_of_total_surveyed_10kmsqs_(1565)_with_records_1994 Number_recorded_10kmsqs_1995 %_of_total_1995 Number_recorded_10kmsqs_1996 %_of_total_1996 Number_recorded_10kmsqs_1997 %_of_total_1997 %_population_change_94-95 %_population_change_95-96 %_population_change_96-97 %_population_change_94-96 %_population_change_94-97
Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus 1758) Goshawk partial migratory in Arctic and sub-Arctic; dispersive and resident further south dispersive and resident n/a n/a move south from Arctic and sub-Arctic September/November; return March/April not gregarious solitary or pairs in territory monogamous pair bond solitary, nests widely separate more than 3km 30-50km, Europe farmland 3-5 pairs/sq 100km; 18.2-77sq km/pair boreal, 0.3-4.5 pairs/100sq km, depends on food nocturnal, usually solitary in nesting territory, female on or near nest once eggs laid 7 < 3 5 < 3 7 < 2 11 < 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus 1758) Sparrowhawk migratory, partially migratory, dispersive and resident resident n/k n/k south and southwest to central and southern Europe July/November, return March/June not gregarious solitary usually monogamous pair bond, for one season solitary, exceptionally 30m apart, usually much more 3-28 territories/100sq km; depends on suitable locations; hunting areas overlap depends on suitable locations depends on suitable locations female on or near nest; male elsewhere solitary 221 14 210 12 227 12 272 13 -9 -20 15 -27 -12
Acrocephalus melanopogon (Temminck 1823) Moustached Warbler sedentary, partial migratory, migratory mainly accidental n/k n/k south, around Mediterranean autumn not gregarious solitary, flocks possibly congregate at good feeding ground apparently monogamous pair bond solitary and territorial n/k 346-2400sq m 300-450 pairs per sq km n/k n/k n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Acrocephalus paludicola (Vieillot 1817) Aquatic Warbler migratory accidental n/a n/a apparently in West Africa, south of the Sahara leave late June and early July to October, back between February to May solitary solitary in winter and on migration not classifiable but possibly some polygyny and promiscuity; provisionally faculatative polygyny some concentration into groups apparantly typical breeding males have large home range, usually 3.5-4.5ha; females have nest territory of 0.6-1.5ha males 1-7.5ha 12-60 breeding males per sq km; 15 breeding females per sq km or 8 nests in 15ha solitary solitary n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Acrocephalus palustris (Bechstein 1798) Marsh Warbler migratory migratory southeast Africa July/September, return April/May southeast Africa July/September, return April/May not gregarious solitary, high density in prime habitat monogamy and opportunistic polygyny solitary and territorial, but sociable n/k 77-1530sq m, considerable variation n/k female on nest after start of laying n/k 0 < 3 1 < 3 0 < 2 1 < 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (Linnaeus 1758) Sedge Warbler migratory migratory Africa, south of Sahara early August/September south and central Africa begins in July not gregarious solitary and territorial usually monogamous pair bond, some bigamy and promiscuity territorial and essentially solitary 0.1-0.2ha, variable depending on and bird density n/k depends on vegetation; 343 pairs/sq km in Phragmites; mean density in British farmland, 1972, 1.3 pairs/sq km female on nest overnight with young no data 163 10 191 11 247 13 268 12 16 10 -14 27 5
Acrocephalus scirpaceus (Hermann 1804) Reed Warbler migratory migratory Africa, south of Sahara July/October, return March/April Africa, south of Sahara July/October, return March/April not gregarious solitary and territorial; no flocking monogamous pair bond, rarely bigamous territorial 332sq m 202-688sq m up to 1000 pairs/sq km male and female in territory, female on nest when two or more eggs laid n/k 57 4 70 4 82 4 84 4 3 0 -1 3 7
Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus 1758) Common Sandpiper migratory migratory most to Africa June/September; return March/May small numbers to western Europe and Mediterranean basin; most to Africa, south to Cape Province and across south Asia to Melanasia and Australia late June/September; return March/May solitary solitary, migrate singly or in small group, occasionally up to 50 monogamous pair bond, possible polyandry, seasonal usually but may be for more than one year all purpose linear territory along water n/k slow-flo water 0.8-2.1 pairs/10km, intermediate water 4.5-12.1 pairs/10km, fast-flo water 2.4-8.3 pairs/10km, England n/k short period, active day and night at high-water, groups of 3-50; habitual sites such as exposed rock, low trees 55 4 46 3 73 4 79 4 -13 25 -7 8 -2
Actitis macularia (Linnaeus 1766) Spotted Sandpiper migratory accidental n/a n/a central America and north South America July/September, return March/April not gregarious solitary, occasionally territorial winter groups, up to 30, migration in loose flocks or solitary monogamous pair bond and successive polyandry; monogamous until 1-2 days after hatching, polyandrous bond at about 7 days after eggs laid solitary; female defends territory from other females n/k one female mated three males in territory of about 0.15ha; difficult to estimate because of mating system n/k solitary migratory in groups of 5-20; solitary in winter n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Aegithalos caudatus (Linnaeus 1758) Long-tailed Tit sedentary; irregular and some large eruptive movements local dispersion n/a n/a n/a n/a not gregarious gregarious; winter flocks of family groups plus helpers, 6-17, possibly with temporary amalgamation monogamous pair bond difficult to define; pairs in loose territories within area of previous winter flock 20ha for winter flocks of 30-140 birds/sq km n/k optimal 34 pairs/sq km in mixed deciduous woods communal, until nest completed, then in nest until fledging communal, side to side on horizontal perch, in cold very close 472 30 535 31 553 29 606 28 16 -20 16 -7 4
Aix galericulata (Linnaeus 1758) Mandarin Duck migratory and dispersive in Asia resident, some long distant travel noted by individuals n/a n/a n/a n/a not gregarious gregarious primarily monogamous pair bond; male can be promiscuous while female incubating or bigamous; bond temporarily broken while incubating, re-join in moult flock probably well scattered in wild n/k territorial, nest hole near by, data uncertain n/k males singly near nest, females in day on nest flocks in concealed sites 5 < 3 8 < 3 3 < 2 10 < 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Aix sponsa (Linnaeus 1758) Wood Duck migrates in northern half of range, go south in north American winter n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus 1758 Skylark migratory in north and east, only local movement in south mainly resident n/a n/a south and west within and slightly south of breeding ranges September/October, return February/March not gregarious gregarious; migrates in flocks up to thousands but average 23; after breeding, flocks of 20-40 monogamous pair bond solitary and territorial 0.25-20ha, depends on and density n/k 5-10 pairs/sq km average; Britain chalk downland 75 pairs/sq km; arable farmland 20-200 pairs/sq km nocturnal, on ground nocturnal, on ground; winter flocks communally 1123 72 1220 71 1342 70 1488 69 1 -3 -2 -1 -4
Alca torda Linnaeus 1758 Razorbill northern populations mainly migratory, southern populations dispersive dispersive Norwegian seas disperse August to November, adults back in colonies in February/May southwest Norway and Skagerrak, Swedish and Danish coast September/October gregarious, occupy colonies February/May less gregarious; colonies remain together some time, winter in small flocks, aggregate in spring monogamous pair bond, year to year; not in winter, male leaves colony with chick before females loosely colonial 10-10000; subcolonies, most 20-50 minimum 20-30cm n/k 4 pairs/sq m maximum, both defend on nest; on sea at night if off-duty on sea at night n/a n/a 0 < 3 3 < 2 0 < 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus 1758) Kingfisher migratory, dispersive and resident resident n/a n/a western and southern parts of breeding range mainly July/October, return begins February not gregarious solitary, many defend feeding territory monogamous pair bond, some seasonal some renewed; some polygyny, male with two females solitary and territorial breeding and feeding territory separate; territories about 0.8-15km water, both defend n/k n/k solitary, occasionally in nest tunnel solitary, in dense cover, in bushes and trees near water 24 < 3 40 < 3 34 < 2 48 < 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Alectoris chukar (Gray 1830) Chukar resident or sedentary n/a n/a n/a in Russia cold weather movements to steeper less snowy slopes, also into desert by some races winter not gregarious gregarious; flocks up to 150 winter, males form flocks in latter part of nesting period usually monogamous pair bond, some bigamy recorded usually solitary defends in vicinity of female until after incubation n/k n/k solitary, on ground at night, amongst rocks in open areas, rocky slopes, in trees only in heat of day communal, on ground at night n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Alectoris rufa (Linnaeus 1758) Red-legged Partridge resident and sedentary resident and sedentary n/a n/a in Spain down to low altitude in winter n/k not gregarious; pairs, may form groups during incubation and rearing gregarious, flock 10-40, up to 300 in cold weather monogamous pair bond, long-term, some bigamy solitary and territorial, does not defend boundaries restricted to breeding period, 8 pairs in 2.6sq km, southern England n/k usually less than 5 pairs/sq km, up to 20 pairs/sq km in favoured areas at night on ground or in trees, solitary at night on ground or in trees, communally 262 17 300 17 369 19 412 19 18 12 -1 32 26
Alle alle Linnaeus 1758 Little Auk migratory and dispersive migratory northern breeding areas August/December, return April/May offshore August/December, return April/May gregarious gregarious; loose aggregations of small flocks in winter, summer feeding flocks 8-10 monogamous pair bond, marked mate fidelity between years colonial and gregarious; in high Arctic up to several hundred thousand, sub-colonies of 200-250 pairs nest area nest area defended n/k n/k rafts at sea n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Alopochen aegyptiacus (Linnaeus 1766) Egyptian Goose resident, partially migratory resident in England n/a n/a n/a n/a not gregarious gregarious; often flocks of hundreds, some thousands; non-breeders form summer flocks sustained monogamous pair bond pairs well dispersed about 1ha in open water n/k n/k n/k shore of permanent lakes 2 < 3 2 < 3 0 < 2 4 < 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Anas acuta Linnaeus 1758 Pintail mainly migratory unknown degree of movement, small population unknown unknown Iceland southwest to Netherlands and British Isles, move again in bad weather; east Europe and south Russia to Mediterranean, Caspian Sea and Balkans; large numbers appear in Africa but not known from what breeding ground August/September, return February/March not gregarious gregarious; fairly small flocks, larger on expansive water; male moult flocks in June, separate female flocks form later, merge in mid-winter monogamous pair bond, seasonal well spaced nests, depends on habitat large home range overlaps with others n/k n/k n/k communal on water; some associate with mallard, teal, shoveler and gadwall 0 < 3 1 < 3 3 < 2 1 < 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a