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Species_and_authority Common_name Nest_site Inter-nest_distance Range_inter-nest_distance Nest_density Nest_material Nest_built_by Nest_build_time Nest_base_diameter Nest_cup_diameter Nest_cup_depth_(mean) Range_nest_cup_depth Outer_nest_diameter_(mean) Range_outer_nest_diameter Inner_nest_diameter_(mean) Range_inner_nest_diameter New_nest_diameter Re-used_nest_diameter Nest_height_(mean) Range_nest_height Egg_laying_period Mean_clutch_size Range_clutch_size Number_of_broods Maximum_brood_number Brood_replacement Egg_size_(mean) Range_egg_size Egg_shape Egg_weight_(mean) Range_egg_weight Egg_laying_interval Hatching_interval Incubation_period Incubated_by Egg_loss Cause_ of_egg_loss Seasonal_ period Fledging_period Maturity_status Time_in_nest Feeding_and_care Time_fed_for Feeding_method Young_loss Cause_of_ young_loss First_breeding_age Hatching_success Fledging_success
Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus 1758) Goshawk fork in large tree or on branch, 10-20m above ground n/k solitary n/k untidy structure of branches and twigs; lined with fronds, pine needles and bark both sexes reported; male builds new mostly and female refurbishes old mostly may start 40 days before egg laying n/k 25cm 10cm n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k 75-79cm 75-120cm 25-55cm 25-100cm April-June 3-4 1-6 one one yes, 15-30 days after loss 59 x 45mm 51-65 x 41-49mm short subelliptical 52-55g 36-66g 2-3 days all in 2-3 days 35-38 days female mainly, male may cover whilst laying or early stages of incubation; begins with first or second egg n/k egg collectors May-August 35-42 days; independent at about 70 days semi-altricial and nidicolous in nest 35 days female; brooded by female for 8-10 days about 28 days when can feed themselves bill to bill n/k falconers, gamekeepers second or third year, sometimes first year n/k 2.67-3.10 chicks/nest to fledging
Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus 1758) Sparrowhawk fork of tree, lower part of main canopy, conifers preferred usually 6-12m from ground; new each year minimum 30m n/k n/k loose structure of twigs with cup more male than female 30 days or more n/k 16cm 6cm n/k 60cm 35-80cm n/k n/k n/k n/k 21cm 8-30cm April-July 4-6 3-7 one one yes, twice if necessary 40 x 32mm 35-45 x 28-36mm short subelliptical 23g 19-30g 2-3 days synchronous or asynchronous in shorter period than laying 33-35 days/egg; 39-42 days for clutch female; begins with last or fourth egg unhatched eggs pre-1947 0.49, 1956-1970 1.48; brood size pre-1947 4, 1947-1950 3.3, 1956-1970 2.9 failure to hatch; other loss by human interference May-August 24-30 days; independent 20-30 days after fledging semi-altricial and nidicolous leave nest at 24-28 days female; brooded by female for 8-14 days or more in bad weather about 4 weeks; young can feed themselves at about 3 weeks bill to bill up to 15% human interference first or second year, occasionally older at least one egg hatched 73%; mean brood size 3.3; mean clutch size 5.1 at least one young fledged 57%
Acrocephalus melanopogon (Temminck 1823) Moustached Warbler reedbeds and waterside vegetation, shrubs on borders of lakes, shallow waterways and swamps; suspended from several stems, often with partial roof n/k n/k n/k loosely woven leaves and stems of aquatic plants female n/k n/k n/k n/k 4-6cm 8.5cm n/k 4.0-4.7cm n/k n/k n/k 6.4cm n/k April-July 3-5 3-6 one one yes 18.0 x 13.2mm 16.3-19.0 x 12.3-14.0mm subelliptical 1.6g n/k daily n/k 14-15 days both sexes; begins with last egg n/k n/k April-July about 12 days altricial and naked n/k fed and cared for by both sexes n/k n/k n/k n/k possibly first year, definitely second year no data no data
Acrocephalus paludicola (Vieillot 1817) Aquatic Warbler in dense vegetation above swampy ground or water, 17cm (3-30cm) above ground 25-50m apart, usually 120-150m apart 7-76 'pairs' per sq km, Poland n/k loosely constructed cup of grass, plant stems, leaves, spiders webs and plant down, lined with finer material; usually with roof probably by female only 2-5 days n/a inner diameter 5.0 x 5.6cm (4.0-6.0 x 4.5-6.5cm) 4.4cm 3.5-6.5cm 7.7 x 8.7cm 6.5-9.0 x 7.0-10.0 5.0-5.6cm 4.0-6.0 x 4.5-6.5cm same as first nest n/a 6.0cm 5.5-6.5cm mid May-mid August 4-6 3-8 one or two two yes 17.2-13.0mm 15.0-19.0 x 11.8-14.8mm subelliptical 1.49g 1.3-1.8g daily n/k 12-15 days female only, begins with or before last egg of 40 nests with 4.95 egg/nest, 19 eggs failed to hatch and 8 lost before hatching n/k June - end of August 13-14 days altricial and naked n/k cared for and fed by female 5-8 days after leaving nest n/k n/k n/k n/k 80.4% success 67.6% success; 4.1 young fledged per female
Acrocephalus palustris (Bechstein 1798) Marsh Warbler tall dense vegetation and low medium scrub 20-200cm above ground n/k n/k n/k leaves and stems, with compact lining, supported by 3-4 plant stems female only or mainly, rare help from male 4 days usually, range 3-6 days n/k 4.5cm n/k n/k 11.5cm including handles, 7.6cm excluding n/k 4.5cm n/k n/k n/k 10cm n/k May-August 3-5 3-6 one two exceptionally yes 18.9 x 13.8mm 17.0-21.0 x 12.0-14.4mm subelliptical 1.85g n/k daily synchronous, a few hours to one day 12-14 days both sexes, female at night; full incubation with third or fourth egg 16% of eggs predation, England; 5% of eggs predated, 4% deserted, 5% unhatched, Belgium predators, desertion June-September 10-11 days; independent 15-19 days after fledging altricial and naked 10-14 days fed and cared for by both sexes n/k n/k 15% of young predated, England; 12% of young predated, 9% deserted, 5% starved, Belgium predators, desertion, starvation n/k 64% of eggs laid, England; 79% of eggs laid, Belgium 50% of eggs laid, 2.48 young/nest, England; 58% of eggs laid, Belgium
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (Linnaeus 1758) Sedge Warbler in variety of tall vegetation, low bushes, 0-50cm above ground n/k n/k n/k loosely woven grass, plant stems, leaves, moss, sedges and spiders webs; thick inner lining of finer leaves and stems female one week n/k n/k 4.5cm n/k n/k 9.5-12cm 5cm n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k April-August 5-6 3-8 one two n/k 17.8 x 13.4mm 15.7-20.5 x 12.4-15.0mm subelliptical 1.65g n/k n/k n/k 13-15 days female with limited male help n/k n/k May-September usually 13-14 days but up to one month altricial and naked 10-12 days fed and cared for by both sexes n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k 76% of eggs laid, England 54% of eggs laid, England
Acrocephalus scirpaceus (Hermann 1804) Reed Warbler in vegetation, over water especially Phragmites reed; also other tall vegetation and low shrubs over dry ground few metres n/k up to 1000 pairs/sq km grass and reed stems, leaves, down and spiders webs mainly or solely female 4 days, lined in next 3 days n/k n/k 53mm 45-64mm 78mm 70-89mm 48mm 41-52mm n/k n/k 85mm 63-140mm May-August 3-5 2-7 one two yes 18.4 x 13.6mm 16.0-21.4 x 12.4-14.9mm subelliptical 1.75g n/k daily n/k 8-13 days both sexes, usually female at night; begins with penultimate egg n/k predation June-September 9-13 days; independent 10-14 days after fledging altricial and naked 11-13 days in nest fed and cared for by both sexes n/k n/k n/k predation n/k 69% of eggs laid, England; 66% of eggs laid, Germany 61% of eggs laid, England; 55% of eggs laid, Germany
Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus 1758) Common Sandpiper flat ground, slope, or side bank with concealed thick vegetation or overhang close to water, 1-120m minimum 18-25m n/k n/k shallow scrape to substantial cup, often vegetation pulled over front and top for concealment; lined with vegetation and debris both sexes make scrapes; female builds nest in chosen one n/k n/k n/k 3-4cm n/k 9-11cm n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k April-July 4 3-5; 5 and over may be 2 females one one yes 36 x 26mm 32-40 x 23-28mm oval to pyriform 12g 11-15g 1 day, sometimes 2 days synchronous 21-22 days both sexes; begins with last egg n/k nests destroyed by flooding, corvid predation May-August 26-28 days; independent at fledging or soon after precocial and nidifugous leave nest when down dry cared for and brooded by both sexes self-feeding n/k n/k n/k normally second year 80% of eggs laid, England; 85% of eggs laid, Russia n/k
Actitis macularia (Linnaeus 1766) Spotted Sandpiper on ground in thick vegetation minimum 4m n/k n/k shallow cup lined with available vegetation female selects several sites, male makes several scrapes, female chooses n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k May-June 4 3-5 one to four broods by one female for different males four yes 32 x 23mm 30-35 x 22-25mm oval to pyriform 9g n/k daily, occasionally two days synchronous 21-22 days if monogamous, male at night, female in day; if polyandry, male only; begins properly with last egg n/k n/k May-June 18-21 days; independent soon after fledging precocial and nidifugous very short time self-feeding; care mainly by male, female remates for further clutches, only parental care if monogamous last clutch of season n/k n/k n/k n/k first or second year 62% of eggs laid, USA 3.36 young/nest, USA
Aegithalos caudatus (Linnaeus 1758) Long-tailed Tit very variable; on ground, in tree tops and low thorny bushes exceptionally 20m n/k n/k compact and domed structure; moss woven with cobwebs and hair, greyish lichen outside, lined with feathers both sexes 17-33 days; 12-14 days for repeat nest n/k n/k n/k n/k 10cm n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k 16cm n/k March-June 8-12 6-15 one one n/k 14.0 x 10.9mm 12.3-16.0 x 9.9-12.0mm subelliptical 0.9g n/k n/k n/k 12-18 days female; begins after laying of last egg 82% nests destroyed in southern England, mainly because of predation by jay, squirrels and other small mammals predation by jay, squirrels and other small mammals April-July 14-18 days altricial and naked 14-18 days fed and cared for by both sexes; brooded by female, occasionally by male; sometimes have an adult helper, probably a failed breeder fed about 2 weeks after leaving nest n/k n/k n/k first year 18% successful nests in southern England woods; hedgerows and lanes 64% success; scrub 22% success, England with helper 38% survive, if no helper 22% survive
Aix galericulata (Linnaeus 1758) Mandarin Duck hole in tree, 0-10m high, occasionally 15m; rarely on ground in thick vegetation n/k n/k n/k shallow depression, little material, lined with down female, male in attendance; female forms depression n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k April-May 9-12 rarely 14 one one no data 51 x 37mm 46-55 x 34-41mm elliptical to short subelliptical 44g 36-52g one per day synchronous 28-30 days female, starts with last egg n/k n/k May-July 40-45 days; independent at fledging or just after precocial and nidifugous very short time self-feeding; cared for by female, brooded when small n/k n/k n/k n/k first year no data no data
Aix sponsa (Linnaeus 1758) Wood Duck hole in old decaying trees n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k March-May n/k 10-14 n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k about 40g n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k May-August 10 weeks n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus 1758 Skylark on ground, in open or in short vegetation such as grass or growing crop 60-100m n/k n/k shallow depression; lined with grass, leaves and stems, inner lining with finer material female, male may help excavation n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k March-August 3-5 3-7 up to four, less in northern latitudes four yes, relaying in 4-6 days 23.4 x 16.8mm 20.5-26.5 x 15.3-18.5mm subelliptical 3.4g n/k n/k synchronous 11 days female; begins with last egg n/k predators April-September 18-20 days; independent at about 25 days altricial and nidicolous young leave nest 8-10 days fed and cared for by both sexes n/k n/k n/k predators first year 67% of eggs laid, England 46% leaving nest, England
Alca torda Linnaeus 1758 Razorbill cliff crevice, cavity on sheltered ledge, under boulders; may use rabbit or puffin burrow, colonial n/k n/k n/k usually none, tiny stones collected around eggs, rarely plant fragments n/k n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a April-July 1 2, very rare one one yes; relaying period 13-18 days 75 x 48mm (torda); 72 x 47mm (islandica) 63-84 x 42-52mm (torda); 67-80 x 42-51mm (islandica) subelliptical to oval 90g (torda); 92g (islandica) n/a n/a n/a 32-39 days both sexes; female may incubate first 48hr, then swap every 2hr, begins when egg laid n/k predation by jackdaw and herring gull May-August 14-24 days; cared for by parents until after fledging but period unknown semi-altricial and nidicolous n/k fed and cared for by both sexes; brooded when small for several weeks, at sea n/k n/k n/k mostly fourth or fifth year 71% of egg laid, improves with age of parent, Skokholm; 84% of eggs laid, Russia 94% of egg hatched, Skokholm; 97% of eggs hatched, Russia
Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus 1758) Kingfisher tunnel in steep bank of stream, normally over water 90-180cm; re-used 0.3-1km n/k n/k excavated tunnel with enlarged chamber, unlined both sexes, mainly male 7-12 days n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a chamber 16 x 17cm, 11cm high (12-23 x 11.5-20 x 9-14cm) n/a n/a n/a April-August 6-7 4-8 one or two; second when first still unfledged, at 10-16 days old, male excavates new burrow three which overlap n/k 23 x 19mm 21-24 x 17-20mm short elliptical to almost spherical 4.2g 3.6-4.7g 1 day synchronous 19-21 days both sexes; female am, male pm, begins with last egg n/k n/k May-October 23-27 days; independent a few days after fledging altricial and nidicolous n/k both sexes, care by both, at 4 days brooded continuously n/k n/k n/k predation by fox and mink first year n/k overall 80% of eggs hatched, average 5.5 per nest, Britain
Alectoris chukar (Gray 1830) Chukar on ground in shelter of vegetation or rock solitary n/k n/k shallow scrape lined with small amounts of vegetation female n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/a n/a n/a n/a in Mediterranean, April-May 8-15 6-20 one, occasionally two two yes 39 x 30mm 37-41 x 29-31mm oval 19g n/k 1-2 days synchronous 22-24 days female; begins with last egg n/k n/k n/k precocious flight at 7-10 days, full size at 50 days, stay with parents through first winter precocial and nidifugous very short time largely self-feeding, brooded when small, cared for by both sexes, divide broods if necessary n/k n/k n/k n/k probably first year no data no data
Alectoris rufa (Linnaeus 1758) Red-legged Partridge on ground; in vegetation, sheltered bush or tussock n/k n/k solitary scrape, lined with small amount of vegetation male, several for female to choose n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/a n/a April-May 10-16 7-20 one or two simultaneous, second laid few days after first two yes 40 x 31mm 38-44 x 28-33mm subelliptical 21g n/k about 36 hours synchronous 23-24 days female if only one brood laid but if two, male on second brood; begins with last egg n/k n/k May-July precocious flight 10 days; full size 50-60 days; stay with parents first winter, independent in spring precocial and nidifugous very short time largely self-feeding, cared for by both sexes if one clutch, by one if two clutches; brooded when small n/k n/k n/k n/k first year 91% of eggs laid; average young in nest about 11.8 very variable, depends on weather
Alle alle Linnaeus 1758 Little Auk in boulder scree, crevice in rock or cliff; 0.5-1m under surface n/k n/k 1 pair/sq m, Spitzbergen shallow layer of pebbles, 2-4cm, occasionally bits of lichen or straw; re-used n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k May-July 1 1-2; 2 rare and probably 2 females one one yes, in Iceland but not further north 49 x 34mm 45-56 x 31-39mm subelliptical 28g n/k n/a n/a 28-31 days both sexes, alternate 4 times in 24hr; female most of day, male at night; begins at laying n/k n/k May-July 23-30 days; independence unknown, probably fledge at sea semi-altricial and nidicolous n/k fed and cared for by both sexes, brooded continuously 2-4 days, partly under n/k n/k n/k predation by glaucous gull and Arctic fox n/k 65% of eggs laid, Spitzbergen; 65% of eggs laid, Greenland 80% of eggs hatched, Spitzbergen; 77% of eggs hatched, Greenland
Alopochen aegyptiacus (Linnaeus 1766) Egyptian Goose varies; on ground in thick vegetation, under bushes, in rocks, holes in banks, caves, cliff ledges up to 60m, buildings, old nests of other species n/k n/k n/k on ground, mound of grass, reeds; in cliff or hole, depression without material; in trees, adds linings of twigs and leaves female n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k March-April 8-10 6-12 one one no data 69 x 50mm 62-74 x 47-54mm subelliptical to oval, rather short 97g 79-110g 24hr, occasionally 48hr synchronous 28-30 days, after completion of clutch female n/k n/k March-April 70-75 days; young stay with parents several months, precise time of independence unknown precocial and nidifugous very short time self-feeding; cared for and defended by both sexes, brooded by female while small n/k n/k n/k predation by crows and competition from other geese probably first year n/k 2 young/pair, England
Anas acuta Linnaeus 1758 Pintail on ground in short vegetation, sometimes under scrub, up to 200m from water nests as close as 2-3m but not colonial n/k n/k slight hollow, usually lined with grass and other vegetation and always with down female n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k March-June 7-10 6-12 one one yes 55 x 39mm 48-60 x 36-42mm subelliptical to oval, occasionally long 43g 37-50g one a day synchronous 22-24 days female, male often close by; starts at completion of clutch n/k n/k April-August 40-45 days; then independent precocial and nidifugous very short time self-feeding, cared for and brooded when small by female n/k n/k n/k n/k first year, some second year 76% of eggs laid; 7.1 young/nest at hatching 4.7 young/nest at half-fledging