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| Species_and_authority | Common_name | Races | GB_status | World_distribution | Climatic_breeding_zones | European_breeding_areas | GBI_breeding_distribution | GBI_winter_distribution | English_breeding_distribution | English_winter_distribution | Scottish_breeding_distribution | Scottish_winter_distribution | Welsh_breeding_distribution | Welsh_winter_distribution | Irish_breeding_distribution | Irish_winter_distribution | Breeding_change_GBI_(%) | Breeding_change_GB_(%) | Breeding_change_Ireland_(%) | Breeding_population_GBI | Breeding_population_GB | Breeding_population_Ireland | Breeding_trend_GBI | Breeding_trend_Europe | Winter_population_GBI | Winter_population_GB | Winter_population_Ireland | European_population_(pairs) | British_status_summary | Adult_survival | Adult_mortality | Breed_pop/range_decline | Decline/increase_reason | UK_historical_population_decline_1800-1995 | 1/5th-300_breeding_pairs_in_UK | 20%_or_more_of_European_breeding_population_in_UK | 20%_or_more_of_European_non-breeding_population_in_UK | > 50%_UK_breeding_population_in_<10_sites | > 50%_UK_non-breeding_population_in_<10_sites | Breeding_habitat_type | Winter_habitat_type | Altitude_preference_(m) | Altitude_extreme_(m) | Food | Legal_status | UK_biodiversity_data | Threats | Conservation_measures | Additional_information | Global/European_conservation_designation | RSPB_Red/Amber/Green_list | Added/removed_RSPB_Red/Amber/Green_list_1996 | BTO_alert_category |
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| Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus 1758) | Goshawk | gentilis (Linnaeus 1758) Britain and Ireland; atricapillus (Wilson 1812); buteoides (Menzbier 1882); arrigonii (Kleinschmidt 1903) | resident breeder, scarce visitor | Holarctic | higher middle latitudes, mainly temperate and boreal | most mainland Europe | < 1; 5-10 | 1-5 | < 1; 5-10 | 1-5 | 1-5; 5-10 | 1-5 | < 1; 20-25 | 5-10 | < 1; < 1 | < 1 | 577.10 | 574.30 | n/a | 10-30 pairs, 1972; c. 70 pairs and increasing, 1984; c. 200 pairs, 1991 | c. 200 pairs, 1991 | n/a | increasing slowly, 1990 | n/k | 300 individuals, 1984 | n/k | n/k | n/a | n/a | oldest 19 years | annual mortality 57% first year, 35% second year, 30% succeeding years, Germany; annual mortality 63% first year, 33% second year, 19% third year, 17% fourth year, 11% later years, Finland and Sweden | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | tree tops with clear access, forested and wooded areas free from disturbance, favours spruce | wooded and forested areas | sea level to tree line | 0-2500 | birds and mammals up to hare and capercaillie in size; in Europe, grouse, partridge, pheasant, pigeons, crows, thrushes and rabbits | protected under Schedule 1 of the 1954-1967 Protection of Birds Act; Schedule 1 of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981; the European Community Birds Directive; Appendix II of the Berne Convention; Appendix II of the Bonn Convention | Biodiversity Action Plan List 3 in the United Kingdom; favourable conservation status in Europe; 0-24% of the world population in the United Kingdom; 50-100% increase in numbers/range in Great Britain in the last 25 years; occurs in 16-100 10km squares in Great Britain | may have suffered to some degree from pesticide use; egg theft by collectors and young theft by hawk keepers reduced production in the 1970's; illegal killing by gamekeepers is still a problem and increasing, 1991; infection by protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae | no national measures appear to be necessary; keep nest sites secret; limit felling of mature forest breeding sites | original population in Scotland and northern England became extinct by the 1880's because of persecution; present population believed to be derived from falconers escapes and releases | n/a | removed from red/amber list | n/a | |
| Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus 1758) | Sparrowhawk | nisus (Linnaeus 1758) Britain and Ireland; granti Sharpe 1890; punicus Erlanger 1897; wolterstorffi Kleinschmidt 1901 | resident breeder, passage visitor, winter visitor | Palearctic | Mediterranean, temperate, boreal to sub-Arctic | Britain, Ireland south to the Atlas mountains and Turkey, north to northern Fennoscandia and Russia | 65-70; 75-80 | 70-75 | 65-70; 90-95 | 85-90 | 45-50; 45-50; 1991 | 50-55 | 90-95; 85-90 | 90-95 | 80-85; 65-70 | 65-70 | 8.50 | 19.60 | -17.00 | 15000-20000 pairs, 1972; c. 25000 pairs and 30000 non-breeders, 1986; c. 43000 pairs, 1991 | 25000 pairs, early 1980's; c. 32000 pairs, 1991 | 8000-9000 pairs, early 1980's; c. 11000 pairs, 1991 | recovery from major decline probably now completed, 1990 | marked decreases throughout Europe in the 1960s; various degrees of recovery; high population in Netherlands, 1989 | 105000 individuals, 1984 | n/k | n/k | n/a | steady population recovery since the declines of 1950s and 1960s until a fall in 1993-1995 | oldest 11 years 7 months; used to be correlated with toxic chemicals (aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor), main effects on eggs | annual mortality 64% first year, 48% second year, 45% third year, 40% in later years, Germany; 63% first year, 40% in later years, Denmark | n/a | organochlorine pesticides in the 1950s and 1960s | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | well-grown woodland, undisturbed coniferous or mixed | wooded areas, glades, clearings and rides | all | tree line | birds, especially sparrows, chaffinches, buntings, tits, thrushes and starlings; small mammals and insects rarely | protected under Schedule 1 of the 1954-1967 Protection of Birds Act; Appendix II of the Berne Convention; Appendix II of the Bonn Convention | Biodiversity Action Plan List 3 in the United Kingdom; favourable conservation status in Europe; 0-24% of the world population in the United Kingdom; 25-49% increase in numbers/range in Great Britain in the last 25 years; occurs in 101+ 10km squares in Great Britain | n/k | none | study in 1971-73 in Scotland of 395 nests showed 43% total failure, of which 87% was pre-egg and egg due to non-laying, breakages, desertion and failure of incubated eggs to hatch | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Acrocephalus melanopogon (Temminck 1823) | Moustached Warbler | melanopogon (Temminck 1823) Britain; mimica (Madarasz 1903); albiventris (Kazakov 1974) | casual breeder, scarce visitor | southwestern Palearctic | low temperate, Mediterranean and steppe zones | scattered in Mediterranean basin, north of Black Sea; mainly accidental in Britain | 0; 0 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | n/a | n/a | 0, 1984 | 0, 1984 | 0, 1984 | n/a | n/a | n/k | n/k | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | reedbeds and vegetation bordering reeds | coastal areas and islands of Mediterranean | 0-1950 | n/k | arthropods, mainly small beetles and water snails with other insects, spiders and some berries | n/k | none | n/k | none | has nested since 1800 but not in 1968-1972; a pair bred in Cambridgeshire in 1946 | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Acrocephalus paludicola (Vieillot 1817) | Aquatic Warbler | paludicola (Vieillot 1817) monotypic | scarce visitor | mid latitudes of Western Palearctic in mainly continental lowlands | Western Palearctic | fragmented oveer continental Europe | n/a | accidental in Great Britain and Ireland | n/a | accidental | n/a | accidental | n/a | accidental | n/a | accidental | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/k | n/a | n/a | n/a | 2900-7900 | populations are dependent on the number and quality of wetland habitats in continental Europe, winter numbers in the UK are affected by the weather | n/k | n/k | n/a | decline due to loss of wetlands through drainage and agricultural intensification | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | yes | marshes, clumps of Carex and Ibis, either over water or dry ground; also lake shores, back waters and drainage ditches | similar to breeding habitat; flooded grasslands and reedbeds | lowland | lowland | predominantly insects, some snails and spiders | Annex 1 EC Bird Directive; Appendix II Berne Convention | species of global conservation concern; 0-24% of world population in the UK; 0-24% increase/decrease in numbers/range in GB in last 25 years; currently occurs in 6-15 10km sqs in GB | wetland habitat deterioration | known key sites on passage designated as nature reserves os SSSI's; appropriate habitat management at passage sites | in Britain and Ireland there were 561 records from 1958-1982, almost exclusively in the autumn and mainly in southern England | global conservation concern | new to red/amber list | n/a | |
| Acrocephalus palustris (Bechstein 1798) | Marsh Warbler | palustris (Bechstein 1798) monotypic | migrant breeder, scarce visitor | western Palearctic | temperate mainland Europe, mid-latitudes | England, France east to Russia, north to south Finland, south to the Balkans | < 1; < 1 | 0 | 1-5; 1-5 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | < 1; < 1 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | -28.60 | -28.60 | n/a | 50-80 pairs, 1972; 10-20 pairs, 1990; < 12 pairs, 1991 | 50-80 pairs, 1972; < 12 pairs, 1991 | 0, 1972 | n/k | n/k | 0, 1984 | 0, 1984 | 0, 1984 | 1500000-1900000 | 95 pairs in the 1960s, then decline, 12 pairs in the late 1980s and is vunerable to extinction | n/k | n/k | 50% or over | decline may be due to wetland habitat deterioration and agricultural intensification | n/a | yes | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | rank and tufty, fairly tall herbage, overshadowed by tall vegetation, moist and seasonally flooded soils | dense leafy thickets | largely lowland | 0-3000 | mainly insects and arachnids; some snails, rarely berries | protected under Schedule 1 of the 1954-1967 Protection of Birds Act; Schedule 1 of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981; the European Community Birds Directive; Appendix II of the Berne Convention | Biodiversity Action Plan List 2 in the United Kingdom; revised Biodiversity Action Plan List 2 with Species Action Plan in the United Kingdom; favourable conservation status in Europe; 0-24% of the world population in the United Kingdom; 50-100% decline in numbers/range in Great Britain in the last 25 years; occurs in 1-5 10km squares in Great Britain | possibly climatic change and habitat loss; loss of osier beds and drainage could be a reason for decrease in numbers | breeding site protection and management; control of human disturbance | mid to late 1970's, up to 200 pairs; some decline especially in west Midlands; decline appears to be due to isolation with the birds in Britain at the northwestern edge of its range | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (Linnaeus 1758) | Sedge Warbler | schoenobaenus (Linnaeus 1758) monotypic | migrant breeder, passage visitor | western and central Palearctic | high Arctic to mid-latitudes; boreal, temperate, marginally Mediterranean | most of Europe, not Iceland, Spain or Italy, scattered in rest of Mediterranean | 75-80; 65-70 | 0 | 85-90; 80-85 | 0 | 50-55; 55-60 | 0 | 65-70; 55-60 | 0 | 80-85; 65-70 | 0 | -12.20 | -8.70 | -20.50 | c. 300000 pairs, 1972; 150000-200000 pairs, 1990 | c. 250000 territories, 1991 | c. 110000 territories, 1991 | serious decline over last 20 years but substantial gains since 1985 | general decrease in west and central east with large decreases in Germany and Austria in 1986 | 0, 1984 | 0, 1984 | 0, 1984 | n/a | variation in population size | oldest 6 years 3 months | annual adult mortality 50-87%. 1969-76, Britain | n/a | populations related to winter site weather, especially rainfall | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | low dense vegetation or in moist depressions; clay/gravel pits | grass and reed beds, variable | 0-350 | n/k | mainly invertebrates, some plant material outside breeding season | Appendix II of the Berne Convention | Biodiversity Action Plan List 3 in the United Kingdom; favourable conservation status in Europe; 0-24% of the world population in the United Kingdom; 0-24% decline/increase in numbers/range in Great Britain in the last 25 years; occurs in 101+ 10km squares in Great Britain | n/k | none | one record of overwintering bird in England, 1984 | n/a | removed from red/amber list | n/a | |
| Acrocephalus scirpaceus (Hermann 1804) | Reed Warbler | scirpaceus (Hermann 1804) Britain and Ireland; fuscus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) | migrant breeder, passage visitor | western and central Palearctic | mid-latitudes, mainly lowlands | south Sweden and Finland, south Britain, France across to Russia, most mainland Europe, scattered populations in Mediterranean basin | 20-25; 20-25 | 0 | 55-60; 50-55 | 0 | < 1; < 1 | 0 | 15-20; 20-25 | 0 | 0; 1-5 | 0 | 3.60 | 1.90 | n/a | 40000-80000 pairs, 1972 | 40000-80000 pairs, 1972; 40000-80000 pairs, 1990; 40000-80000 pairs, 1991 | 0, 1972; 40-50 singing males and less breeding pairs, 1991 | no major trend is known, perhaps increasing | northward expansion in twentieth century still continuing in Norway and Sweden; declines in Denmark and Finland in 1980's; breeding regularly in Ireland since 1981 | 0, 1984 | 0, 1984 | 0, 1984 | n/a | decline until 1991 and then recovery but little change in distribution | n/k | n/k | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | vegetation over water especially Phragmites reed; also other tall vegetation and low shrubs over dry ground | swamp vegetation, Acacias by water, tall grasses | n/k | n/k | mainly insects and spiders, some small snails, occasionally plant material | Appendix II of the Berne Convention; Schedule 1 of the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 | Biodiversity Action Plan List 3 in the United Kingdom; unfavourable conservation status in Europe; 0-24% of the world population in the United Kingdom; 0-24% decline/increase in numbers/range in Great Britain in the last 25 years; occurs in 101+ 10km squares in Great Britain | n/k | none | there was a abrupt population decrease between 1968 and 1969 and numbers have been low since then (1976); recorded from four 10km squares in England in winter, 1984 | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus 1758) | Common Sandpiper | hypoleucos (Linnaeus 1758) monotypic | migrant breeder, passage visitor, winter visitor | Palearctic | temperate, mountain, steppe, Mediterranean and semi-arid | Fennoscandia to Spain to northeast Turkey; scattered population across south and west of central Europe and Russia | 45-50; 45-50 | 5-10 | 30-35; 25-30 | 10-15 | 90-95; 85-90 | < 1 | 50-55; 50-55 | 10-15 | 45-50; 30-35 | 1-5 | -6.50 | 1.30 | -30.80 | c. 50000 pairs, 1972 | 17000-20000 pairs, 1990; c. 15800 pairs, 1991 | c. 2500 pairs, 1991 | stable | general decrease over central continental Europe, 1983, but stable elsewhere; general contraction in breeding distribution in Ireland since the 1950's | c. 100 individuals, 1981 winter | n/k | n/k | n/a | fairly stable populations but slight range contraction | oldest 10 years 3 months | first year mortality 79% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | prefers freshwater, especially fast-flo rocky streams | freshwater ponds, rivers, lakes | sea level to 4000 | n/k | adult invertebrates, especially insects, beetles, flies, earwigs; also molluscs, worms, small fish and occasionally plant material | n/k | none | n/k | none | in English Peak District, 75% of birds return to breeding sites; may be some population decrease because of habitat change | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Actitis macularia (Linnaeus 1766) | Spotted Sandpiper | macularia (Linnaeus 1766) monotypic | scarce visitor | Nearctic | not known | Alaska, Canada, south to California and Texas; accidental in Britain and Ireland | 0; 0 | < 1 | 0; 0 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | 0; 0 | < 1 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | n/a | n/a | two Irish records, 1984 | 0, 1984 | two records, 1984 | n/a | n/a | n/k | n/k | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | sides of fast-flo, rocky-banked streams and rivers | rain, cloud and gallery forest, riverbanks, mangrove, beaches | 0-4500 | n/k | terrestrial invertebrates, especially insects, and some other aquatic arthropods | n/k | none | n/k | none | a pair nested in Scotland in 1975, 4 eggs laid, then deserted | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Aegithalos caudatus (Linnaeus 1758) | Long-tailed Tit | caudatus (Linnaeus 1758) (caudatus group); sibiricus (Seebohm 1890) (caudatus group); europaeus (Hermann 1804) (europaeus group); macedonicus (Dresser 1892) (europaeus group); tauricus (Menzbier 1903) (europaeus group); taiti Ingram 1913 (europaeus group); aremoricus Whistler 1929 (europaeus group); rosaceus Mathews 1938 (europaeus group) Britain and Ireland; alpinus (Hablizl 1783) (alpinus group); tephronotus (Gunther 1865) (alpinus group); irbii (Sharpe & Dresser 1871) (alpinus group); passekii (Zarudny 1904) (alpinus group); siculus (Whitaker 1901) (alpinus group); italiae Jourdain 1910 (alpinus group) | resident breeder, scarce visitor | Palearctic | temperate, boreal and partly Mediterranean | all Europe except Iceland and north Fennoscandia and north Russia | 75-80; 70-75 | 65-70 | 95-100; 95-100 | 95-100 | 55-60; 45-50 | 45-50 | 95-100; 90-95 | 85-90 | 80-85; 55-60 | 50-55 | -9.00 | -4.00 | -24.10 | c. 150000 pairs, 1972 | c. 200000 territories, 1990; c. 210000 territories, 1991 | c. 40000 territories, 1991 | fluctuates with winter weather conditions but no long-term trend | no underlying trends but decrease in Denmark and the Netherlands since 1982 probably because of cold winters | c. 96000 individuals, 1986 | n/k | n/k | n/a | large population fluctuations due to winter weather, some recent population increase | oldest 8 year 1 month | mortality in first year about 23%, Germany | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | scrub areas, bushes and hedges, in and out of woodlands | deciduous woodland | < 1000 | < 1800 | mainly arthropods, especially bugs and eggs and larvae of Lepidoptera; plant material infrequently in autumn and winter | n/k | none | n/k | none | mean density in British farmland is 1 family/sq km, in British woodland 3-30 families/sq km | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Aix galericulata (Linnaeus 1758) | Mandarin Duck | galericulata (Linnaeus 1758) monotypic | introduced breeder | eastern Palearctic | temperate mid-latitudes | Britain | 1-5; 5-10 | 1-5 | 1-5; 10-15 | 5-10 | 0; 1-5 | < 1 | 0; 1-5 | 1-5 | 0; 0 | 0 | 461.50 | 459.00 | n/a | 250 feral pairs, 300-400 total pairs, 1972; 850-1000 pairs, 1985; c. 7000 individuals, 1988; 2000-3000 pairs, 1990; may exceed 7000 individuals, 1991 | 250 feral pairs, 300-400 total pairs, 1972; 850-1000 pairs, 1985; c. 7000 individuals, 1988; 2000-3000 pairs, 1990; may exceed 7000 individuals, 1991 | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | increasing | recent reports of free-flying ducks in Berlin and of nesting in sand dunes in the Netherlands, 1990 | 850-1000 pairs, 1985 | 850-1000 pairs, 1985 | 0, 1984 | n/a | n/a | n/k | n/k | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | broadleaf forest, standing or slow-flo freshwater fringed with dense growth of trees and shrubs with some reeds and sedge | broadleaf forest, standing or slow-flo freshwater | lowlands | < 1500 | omnivorous; mainly vegetation, especially seeds and nuts and land snails and insects | Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 | none | n/k | none | travel up to 2km from nest to first feeding area; feral colonies in England | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Aix sponsa (Linnaeus 1758) | Wood Duck | sponsa (Linnaeus 1758) monotypic | feral populations in midland and southern England | not known | north America | England; other escapees in continental Europe | < 1; < 1 | < 1 | < 1; 1-5 | 1-5 | 0; 0 | < 1 | 0; 0 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | 200.00 | 200.00 | n/a | n/k, 1972; n/k, 1991 | n/k, 1972; n/k, 1991 | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | n/a | n/a | n/k, 1984 | n/k, 1984 | 0, 1984 | n/a | n/a | n/k | n/k | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | secluded streams, ponds, marshes, isolated coastal population | freshwater swamps and marshes | lowland | n/k | n/k | Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 | none | n/k | none | there are feral populations in Britain but not fully admitted to the national list; most numerous duck in eastern USA; most breeding records probably relate to pairs outside collections to which they return; first introduced into England in 1870s | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Alauda arvensis Linnaeus 1758 | Skylark | arvensis Linnaeus 1758 Wales and England; cantarella Bonaparte 1850; dulcivox Hume 1873; armenicus Bogdanov 1879; scotica Tschusi 1903 Scotland, Ireland and England; harterti Whitaker 1904; guillelmi Witherby 1921; sierrae Weigold 1923 | resident breeder, passage visitor, winter visitor | Palearctic | temperate, boreal, continental and oceanic | all except Iceland and extreme north; north Africa marginally | 95-100; 95-100 | 70-75 | 95-100; 95-100 | 90-95 | 95-100; 95-100 | 45-50 | 95-100; 95-100 | 85-90 | 95-100; 90-95 | 55-60 | -2.80 | -1.60 | -6.40 | 2-4 million pairs, 1972 | c. 2 million pairs, 1990; c. 2 million pairs, 1991 | c. 570000 pairs, 1991 | recent decline following long period of relative stability | declines in the 1980's in Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland and France; declines in large parts of western and central Europe due to changes in farming methods 1988 | c. 25 million individuals, 1984 | n/k | n/k | 27900000-35200000 | severe population decline from the mid 1970s to the mid 1980s, then levelling off | oldest 8 years 5 months | adult annual mortality 33.5%; mortality in first year after independence 38%, England | 50% or over | changes in agricultural practices, especially intensification and loss of stubbles | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | open surfaces; firm, level, unobstructed soils, low green herbage, avoids trees | lowland, mixed and arable farming areas, coasts | n/k | to 3000, Armenia | plant and animal; invertebrates, especially insects, important in summer, cereal and weed seeds in autumn, leaves and weed seeds in winter, cereal grain in spring | n/k | Biodiversity Action Plan List 1 in the United Kingdom; unfavourable conservation status in Europe; 0-24% of the world population in the United Kingdom; 50-100% decline in numbers/range in Great Britain in the last 25 years; occurs in 101+ 10km squares in Great Britain | none | none | n/a | unfavourable conservation status in Europe | new to red/amber list | high | |
| Alca torda Linnaeus 1758 | Razorbill | torda Linnaeus 1758; islandica Brehm 1831 Britain and Ireland | resident breeder, migrant breeder, winter visitor | Holarctic | temperate and boreal coasts | Iceland, Britain, Ireland, France and up to Fennoscandia on Atlantic coasts, Baltic Sea | 10-15; 5-10 | 15-20 | 1-5; 1-5 | 10-15 | 15-20; 15-20 | 20-25 | 10-15; 10-15 | 10-15 | 5-10; 5-10 | 15-20 | -8.00 | -3.30 | -23.20 | c. 144000 pairs, 1969-70 | 75000-100000 pairs, 1990; c. 148000 individuals, 1991 | c. 34000 individuals, 1991 | n/k | n/k | n/k, 1984 | n/k, 1984 | n/k, 1984 | n/a | n/a | oldest 20 years 3 months | survival, fledging to breeding age 11-18%, Scotland; causes of death of ringed birds, to 1970 18% oiled, 23% shot and 6% netted, in late 1980's 15% oiled 2% shot and 26% netted; adult survival 89-91% Britain and Ireland, 90-92% Wales | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | yes | n/a | inshore and offshore waters, continental shelf waters, well clear of pack ice | warmer and shallower waters, temperate and Mediterranean | coasts | n/a | mainly fish, some invertebrates; surface diving | protected under Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981; European Community Birds Directive; Appendix III of the Berne Convention | Biodiversity Action Plan List 3 in the United Kingdom; favourable conservation status in Europe; 0-24% of the world population in the United Kingdom; 0-24% decline/increase in numbers/range in Great Britain in the last 25 years; occurs in 101+ 10km squares in Great Britain | oil pollution | reduce oil pollution | breeds in Britain in internationally important numbers, about 65% of western European total and about 20% of world population | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus 1758) | Kingfisher | atthis (Linnaeus 1758); ispida (Linnaeus 1758) Britain and Ireland | resident breeder | Palearctic, Oriental, Australasian | boreal, temperate, steppe and Mediterranean, continental and oceanic | Britain and Ireland to north Africa, east to Turkey, north to central Russia and south Sweden | 45-50; 40-45 | 30-35 | 75-80; 70-75 | 55-60 | 5-10; 10-15 | 1-5 | 65-70; 55-60 | 40-45 | 55-60; 10-15 | 25-30 | -15.80 | -6.20 | -40.40 | 5000-9000 pairs, 1972 | 4000-6000 pairs, 1990; 3300-5500 pairs, 1991 | 1300-2100 pairs, 1991 | decline since the mid 1970's | marked fluctuations in northern and central Europe due to hard winters; general decline in many countries because of pollution, river management and persecution; Irish population not as susceptible to such fluctuations as British since winters are generally less severe and water remains ice-free | 9000-15000 individuals, 1984 | n/k | n/k | n/a | decreased in range in England and Northern Ireland, spreading in lowland Scotland but a decline in brood size | oldest 15 years 5 months | first year mortality 77.8%, adult annual mortality 76.2%, Britain | n/a | habitat quality of British waterways may have declined because of pollution, human disturbance and water abstraction | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | clear ice-free water, still and gently flo; needs suitable banks for nest tunnel and some shade | wider range of water bodies than in breeding season and coasts | < 650 | < 2000, Russia | freshwater fish; also aquatic insects and marine fish, some crustaceans, molluscs, terrestrial insects and amphibians | protected under Schedule 1 of the 1954-1967 Protection of Birds Act; Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981; Annex 1 of the EC Bird Directive; Appendix II of the Berne Convention | Biodiversity Action Plan List 3 in the United Kingdom; unfavourable conservation status in Europe; 0-24% of the world population in the United Kingdom; 0-24% decline/increase in numbers/range in Great Britain in the last 25 years; occurs in 101+ 10km squares in Great Britain | n/k | none | horizontal unlined length of nest burrow 33-92cm, diameter of burrow 5-5.5cm | unfavourable conservation status in Europe | n/a | medium | |
| Alectoris chukar (Gray 1830) | Chukar | chukar (Gray 1830) not in western Palearctic; sinaica (Bonaparte 1858); werae (Zarudny & Loudeon 1904); cypriotes Hartert 1917; kurdestanica Meinertzhagen 1923; kleini Hartert 1925 | introduced | not known | low and middle latitudes, Mediterranean, arid or semi-arid | Turkey, Caucasus, islands and some of mainland Greece and Macedonia, Israel, Syria and Sinai | 0; 0 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | n/a | n/a | 0, 1984 | 0, 1984 | 0, 1984 | n/a | n/a | n/k | n/k | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | scree slopes, some arable fields, forest clearings, frequently bare stony hillsides with access to water | open, rough areas, similar to breeding habitat | n/k | < 4000, Afghanistan | seeds, mainly of grasses and weeds, leaves and some insects | Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 | none | none | none | released in Sussex in 1971 but mates with red-legged partridge and hybrids are not distinguishable in the field | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Alectoris rufa (Linnaeus 1758) | Red-legged Partridge | rufa (Linnaeus 1758) Britain; intercedens (Brehm 1858); hispanica (Seoane 1894) | introduced breeder | southwestern Palearctic | Mediterranean, temperate in southwest Palearctic avoiding boreal, oceanic and arid regions | Britain, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal | 20-25; 30-35 | 20-25 | 60-65; 75-80 | 50-55 | 1-5; 10-15 | 1-5 | 20-25; 25-30 | 10-15 | 0; 1-5 | < 1 | 33.40 | 32.10 | n/a | 100000-200000 pairs, 1972; c. 750000 individuals, 1991 | 100000-200000 pairs, 1972; 100000-200000 pairs, 1990; c. 750000 individuals, 1991 | 0, 1972; no self-sustaining population in Ireland | fluctuates, upward since mid 1950's, latterly due to artificial stocking | in natural range there was a southward retreat in the nineteenth century in Germany, France and Switzerland; introduction attempts in central Europe have been unsuccessful | n/k, 1984 | n/k, 1984 | n/k, 1984 | n/a | steady population decline since 1980 | oldest 6 years 1 month | n/k | n/a | may be declining farmland habitat quality or the cessation of release of A.chukar | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | open vegetation, marginal cultivation, foothills | open areas | lowland | < 2000 in south of range | seeds, leaves, roots, some insects | n/k | none | none | none | introduced from 1770 onwards; about 400000 shot annually, 1984 | n/a | removed from red/amber list | n/a | |
| Alle alle Linnaeus 1758 | Little Auk | alle (Linnaeus 1758) Britain; polaris Stenhouse 1930 | winter visitor | northern Holarctic | high Arctic | north Iceland, Spitzbergen, northern Russian islands | 0; 0 | 5-10 | 0; 0 | 5-10 | 0; 0 | 5-10 | 0; 0 | 1-5 | 0; 0 | 1-5 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | n/a | n/k | n/k, 1984 | n/k, 1984 | n/k, 1984 | n/a | n/a | n/k | n/k | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | fissured precipices; facing sea or up fjords, river valleys, sheltered in scree or broken rock | oceanic, follow cold currents | 0-500 | n/a | planktonic crustaceans, especially for young in nest; adults eat fish fry, annelid worms and molluscs; surface diving | n/k | none | none | none | none | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Alopochen aegyptiacus (Linnaeus 1766) | Egyptian Goose | aegyptiacus (Linnaeus 1766) monotypic | introduced breeder | Ethiopian and southwestern Palearctic | subtropical | England | < 1; 1-5 | 1-5 | 1-5; 5-10 | 5-10 | 0; 0 | 0 | 0; 1-5 | 0 | 0; 0 | 0 | 383.30 | 383.30 | n/a | 300-400 individuals, 1963; 750-800 individuals, 1991 | 300-400 individuals, 1963; 80-100 pairs, 1990; 750-800 individuals, 1991 | 0, 1972; 0, 1991 | stable or increasing slightly | n/k | c. 500 individuals, 1984 | c. 500 individuals, 1984 | 0, 1984 | n/a | n/a | n/k | n/k | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | inland freshwater, rivers, lakes, pools | inland freshwater, similar to breeding habitat | lowland | < high altitudes | vegetation; grass, leaves, seeds and growing crops, some animal material | Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 | none | none | none | feral population based in Norfolk, spreading into Suffolk; early breeding when weather cold and wet may limit population growth | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Anas acuta Linnaeus 1758 | Pintail | acuta Linnaeus 1758 monotypic in western Palearctic | resident breeder, migrant breeder, winter visitor, passage visitor | Holarctic and islands in south Indian Ocean | continental; north tundra to steppe to isolated Mediterranean | Ireland and Britain to continental Fennoscandia and central and northern Russia | 1-5; 1-5 | 15-20 | 1-5; 1-5 | 30-35 | 1-5; 1-5 | 5-10 | 0; 1-5 | 20-25 | 1-5; < 1 | 10-15 | -4.10 | -1.20 | -25.00 | probably < 50 pairs, 1972 | 20-30 pairs, 1990; 30-40 pairs, 1991 | 1 breeding pair, 1991 | n/k | n/k | n/k | > 25000, 1984; c. 25000 individuals, 1986 | c. 7000, 1970's | n/a | n/a | oldest 26 years 6 months | mortality 48% per year | n/a | n/a | n/a | yes | n/a | yes | n/a | yes | shallow, fairly productive waters in open areas | shallow aquatic habitats in open, sheltered coasts | lowland | n/k | variety of plant and animal material, mainly from mud bottom; grain, tubers, rhizomes, insects, molluscs, worms, crustaceans, amphibians | protected under Schedule 1, part 2 of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (specially protected in the close season); Annex II/1 of the European Community Birds Directive; Appendix III of the Berne Convention; Appendix II of the Bonn Convention | Biodiversity Action Plan List 3 in the United Kingdom; unfavourable conservation status in Europe; 0-24% of the world population in the United Kingdom; 0-24% decline/increase in numbers/range in Great Britain in the last 25 years; occurs in 16-100 10km squares in Great Britain | habitat change and disturbance especially land claim in estuaries and barrages | maintain and re-establish marshland; designate estuaries as Special Protection Areas | male usually deserts at egg laying | unfavourable conservation status in Europe | n/a | n/a |